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PARADISE, Calif. —
\nFirst came the flames, a raging firestorm propelled by 50 mph (80 kph) wind gusts that incinerated Kelsey Norton\u2019s house and killed 85 people in her community.<\/p>\n
\nThen came the smoke \u2014 not just from the forest but also from some 14,000 houses and their contents that burned, generating a thick plume that enshrouded portions of Northern California for weeks and left Norton gasping.<\/p>\n
\nAnd since the fire, more than a year now, it has been sickness: repeated respiratory infections that sap Norton\u2019s strength, interfere with her work and leave the 30-year-old cardiac care nurse worried about future health problems.<\/p>\n
\n\u201cI don\u2019t want to have cancer in my 50s because I inhaled smoke in my 30s,\u201d she said.<\/p>\n
\nThe immediate toll of lives and property lost when a fire tore through the Sierra Nevada foothills town of Paradise, California in November 2018 is well documented. Still unknown is the long-term impact of the intense smoke exposure suffered by the tragedy\u2019s survivors and the hundreds of thousands of people living in communities downwind of the blaze.<\/p>\n
\nIncreasingly intense wildfires are scorching forests from across the Western U.S. to Australia and stoking concern among residents and health professionals about long-term health impacts from smoke exposure.<\/p>\n
\nThe issue has far-reaching implications as climate change turns some regions of the globe drier and more prone to fires that send up smoke plumes that can travel thousands of miles and affect millions of people.<\/p>\n
\nThe unprecedented fires burning across Australia offer the most recent example as they blanket major cities with dangerous air pollution. Smoke from those fires, which started burning in September, by this week had spread across more than 7.7 million square miles (20 million square kilometers) and drifted across the Pacific Ocean to reach South America, according to the United Nation’s meteorological agency and the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service.<\/p>\n
\nTh e fires have torched more than 2,000 houses and killed at least 26 people. Authorities ordered new evacuations in New South Wales and the neighboring state of Victoria as rising temperatures and erratic winds on Friday threatened to fan dozens of blazes still burning out of control. <\/p>\n
\nBoth states issued hazardous air quality warnings for affected areas and said people with health problems should consider relocating until the smoke clears.<\/p>\n
\nCompounding the danger, experts and firefighters say, is the proliferation of construction materials and household items made from petroleum-based plastics, ranging from plumbing pipes to exterior siding. Those burn hotter and generate smoke more toxic than wood does, exposing people to numerous hazardous chemicals.<\/p>\n
\nResearchers and health officials are confident more people will get sick and many will die as regions such as the U.S. West see bigger, more intense wildfires.<\/p>\n
\nAn estimated 20,000 premature deaths now occur annually in the U.S. due to chronic wildfire smoke exposure. That\u2019s expected to double by the end of the century, according to scientists funded by NASA, as tens of millions of people get exposed to massive \u201csmoke waves\u201d emanating from blazes in Western states.<\/p>\n
\nBut while those forecasts help illustrate the profound impacts of a warming climate, they can\u2019t predict which fires will prove deadly and which individuals will develop lung ailments or other illnesses. <\/p>\n
\nOne of relatively few long-term studies on the issue is under way at the California National Primate Research Center. Fifty rhesus monkeys living in outdoor pens year-round were exposed to a prolonged period of wildfire smoke as infants in 2008. They\u2019ve developed lungs 20% smaller than another group of monkeys born a year later, researchers found.<\/p>\n
\n\u201cIt\u2019s the closest animal model to replicate what happens with kids,\u201d said Lisa Miller, the center’s associate director of research.<\/p>\n
\nThe difference first showed up when the animals were adolescents, and has continued as they\u2019ve matured. It\u2019s impossible for the untrained eye to distinguish the smoke-exposed monkeys from hundreds of others that share their pens, but Miller\u2019s team next plans to investigate how the decreased lung function affects activity levels of the monkeys.<\/p>\n
\nAs the animals age, any diseases they develop and how they die would give clues into the fate of humans heavily exposed to smoke.<\/p>\n
\nStudies of wildland firefighters also give insights into the risks of smoke inhalation. They\u2019ve shown significantly higher rates of lung cancer and death from heart disease, said Michael Kleinman, who researches the health effects of air pollution and is a professor of environmental toxicology at the University of California, Irvine.<\/p>\n
\nFirefighters get much higher and more frequent doses of smoke, but Kleinman said a proportional increase in illnesses could be expected among the general public exposed to wildfire smoke across California and the West. <\/p>\n
\n\u201cIt\u2019s safe to say there will probably more effects at the long-term level,\u201d Kleinman said. \u201cEspecially if those events happened over a longer period of time or more repeatedly, there will be cumulative damage to the lung and heart which eventually will lead to chronic disease.\u201d<\/p>\n
\nAs she fled with her boyfriend ahead of the fire that destroyed Paradise on the morning of Nov. 8, 2018, Norton said the smoke was so thick \u201cit was like midnight.\u201d<\/p>\n
\nA few days later, she went back to work at a hospital in Chico, about 15 miles (24 kilometers) miles from Paradise. But smoke from the still-burning fire had made it inside the facility. <\/p>\n
\nThere weren\u2019t enough face masks to go around so Norton said she went without one for several days.<\/p>\n
\nInitially she felt just a bit wheezy, as she had during the last major fire in the area about a decade earlier. But two weeks later she came down with a respiratory infection that brought fever and severe congestion.<\/p>\n
\nWhen that finally cleared, she got another, then another \u2014 eight or nine infections in all over the past year.<\/p>\n
\n\u201cI just want to break this cycle of sickness,\u201d she said.<\/p>\n
\nNorton says she never smoked, nor did her parents, and never had any respiratory issues prior to the fire. She missed so much work in the months after the fire that she got a warning from a supervisor.<\/p>\n
\nTo try to keep from getting sick, she rinses out her sinuses regularly and takes antihistamines to reduce inflammation in her airways. She also avoids large gatherings, including skipping office parties and two weddings, out of fear that she could pick up a virus. She tries to eat healthy and reduce stress by seeing a counselor.<\/p>\n
\nNorton has been to a pulmonologist and two ear nose and throat doctors to little avail, and has been referred to a sinus specialist at Stanford University for further testing.<\/p>\n
\nThe pulmonologist who initially treated her, Dinesh Verma, said he sees a \u201cdirect correlation\u201d between Norton’s smoke exposure and her subsequent health struggles.<\/p>\n
\n\u201cThe logical explanation definitely would be that intense smoke, basically chemical exposure, did damage the airways to the extent that they’re now more susceptible\u201d to infection, Verma said. <\/p>\n
\nVerma said virtually all of his hundreds of patients from Chico and Paradise had complications after the fire that required them to be hospitalized or treated. <\/p>\n
\nMost had preexisting conditions such as asthma and needed only a trigger to send them into a downward spiral. Predicting what will happen with otherwise-healthy patients like Norton is more difficult, he said.<\/p>\n
\nNorton is among about 9,000 people who responded to a health survey as part of a long-term health study of smoke exposure in Paradise and other California communities. The work is led by researchers at the University of California, Davis, who plan to track the lung health of a small number of those respondents in coming years by measuring their breathing capacity.<\/p>\n
\nThey’re also collaborating with Williams at the primate center to see if the decline seen in the rhesus monkeys has parallels for human infants.<\/p>\n
\nDr. Nicholas Kenyon, a pulmonologist involved in the effort, said determining the health effects of smoke is increasingly urgent given the region’s burgeoning population and more frequent fires due to climate change.<\/p>\n
\n\u201cWe\u2019ve got the population affected right now, but it\u2019s not going to be isolated to us. This is going to be the entire West,\u201d Kenyon said. \u201cNobody\u2019s been really inhaling this kind of stuff from structures until now.\u201d<\/p>\n
\nAnother participant in the UC Davis study, 64-year-old Elizabeth Watling, lives in Chico and remained there through the fire so she could look after her 94-year-old aunt. She recalls smoke so thick that it left a layer of ash all over town, gray and light as snow. The air remained heavily polluted until it rained more than two weeks later.<\/p>\n
\nWhen she gardens or does other outdoor activities, Watling wears a mask because her throat has become so easily irritated by dust. She fiddles with it often, taking the mask on and off to talk, and wonders how effective it will be since she can fit her fingers through gaps along her cheeks.<\/p>\n
\nThe health issues Watling blames on the smoke are less severe than Norton\u2019s \u2014 a scratchy throat that won\u2019t go away, coughs that linger, shortness of breath.<\/p>\n
\nShe expected those to go away but they haven\u2019t. Watling now figures that, given her age, she won\u2019t ever fully recover and the smoke could shave years off her life.<\/p>\n
\n\u201cI don\u2019t think the news is good for me,\u201d she said.<\/p>\n
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\nThe Associated Press Health and Science Department receives support from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute\u2019s Department of Science Education. The AP is solely responsible for all content.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n